Lattice constant optimization
The actual energy – and therefore also the stress tensor – depends on many parameters, like the selected functional. This means that geometrical parameters like the lattice constant may also vary and therefore need to be optimized first when building a new geometry. While this could be done using CP2K's CELL_OPT run type, optimizing both the lattice/cell constants and the geometry simultaneously, we are going to do it manually here, especially since we can assume that only the lattice constant will actually change.
What we are using to determine the center volume (the volume for which the energy is minimal) is the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (to be precise: the BM equation integrated over pressure), which links the energy and the volume using the minimal energy $E_0$, the center volume $V_0$, the bulk modulus $B_0$ and its derivative $B_1$:
\begin{align*} E(V) = E_0 + \frac{9 V_0 B_0}{16} \Bigg\{ \left[ \left(\frac{V_0}{V}\right)^{2/3} - 1 \right]^3 B_1 \; + \left[ \left(\frac{V_0}{V}\right)^{2/3} - 1 \right]^2 \left[ 6 - 4 \left(\frac{V_0}{V}\right)^{2/3} \right] \Bigg\} \end{align*}
Use the following input file as a starting point, and an adapted version of the script you documented in a previous exercise to generate a number of input files for different lattice constants and run the respective calculation. A good interval for the fraction of the lattice constant is $0.90-1.10$ with a step size of $0.025$.
Extract the energies and fit $E_0$, $V_0$, $B_0$, $B_1$ using the Birch–Murnaghan EOS and using the new $V0$ to determine the lattice constant. Plot your fit.
- graphene.inp
&GLOBAL PROJECT graphene RUN_TYPE ENERGY PRINT_LEVEL MEDIUM &END GLOBAL &FORCE_EVAL METHOD Quickstep &DFT BASIS_SET_FILE_NAME BASIS_MOLOPT POTENTIAL_FILE_NAME POTENTIAL &POISSON PERIODIC XYZ &END POISSON &SCF SCF_GUESS ATOMIC EPS_SCF 1.0E-6 MAX_SCF 300 # The following settings help with convergence: ADDED_MOS 100 CHOLESKY INVERSE &SMEAR ON METHOD FERMI_DIRAC ELECTRONIC_TEMPERATURE [K] 300 &END SMEAR &DIAGONALIZATION ALGORITHM STANDARD EPS_ADAPT 0.01 &END DIAGONALIZATION &MIXING METHOD BROYDEN_MIXING ALPHA 0.2 BETA 1.5 NBROYDEN 8 &END MIXING &END SCF &XC &XC_FUNCTIONAL PBE &END XC_FUNCTIONAL &END XC &END DFT &SUBSYS &CELL # create a hexagonal unit cell: ABC 2.4612 2.4612 15.0 ALPHA_BETA_GAMMA 90. 90. 60. SYMMETRY HEXAGONAL PERIODIC XYZ &END CELL &COORD SCALED C 1./3. 1./3. 0. C 2./3. 2./3. 0. &END &KIND C ELEMENT C BASIS_SET DZVP-MOLOPT-GTH POTENTIAL GTH-PBE &END KIND &END SUBSYS &END FORCE_EVAL
Doing calculations on the command line using the bc tool:
bc -l <<< "5.6 * 12.3" # you can also use variables and capture the output again in a variable: x=1.025 a=$(bc -l <<< "$x * 2.4612")
Replacing numbers (or any text) inside a file and write the changed file to a new file:
a=3.54
sed -e "s|2.4612|$a|g" graphene.inp > "graphene_V-${x}.inp"